BCRW 2023

Contents of the 4th Blockchain in Construction Research Workshop, hosted by Ruhr-University Bochum and Forum Digital Technologies Berlin in collaboration with the Construction Blockchain Consortium. The workshop took place from the 28th to the 30th of August 2023 in the Forum Digital Technologies building, Berlin, Germany and online. This workshop presented early and ongoing research in the field of blockchain and distributed ledger technologies for the construction sector. Some of the abstracts on this page were generated through the use of AI.

Day 1 - Blockchain & IoT (Technology)

Session 1

Workshop Host Keynote

Markus König | Watch

Abstract

This presentation by Prof. König explores the integration of blockchain technology and digital twins in the construction and infrastructure industry. The talk underscores the necessity of decentralization in digital twins, allowing diverse stakeholders to manage their individual data sources and connections. This approach seeks to enhance information accessibility and reliability throughout the construction process.

A central challenge discussed pertains to maintaining the accuracy and currency of digital twin data, especially in the context of interconnected data structures and evolving information. The proposal involves implementing checking rules and coordination checks to ensure accurate data updates. Responsibilities for maintaining digital twins may extend to suppliers, building owners, and construction companies, necessitating collaborative agreements and contracts.

The presentation also highlights the utilization of blockchain technology to securely store and manage digital twin data, guarantee data integrity, and oversee access and updates. The concept of distributed data storage and blockchain-based data contracts emerges as a means to facilitate secure and efficient data exchange among stakeholders.

This welcome presentation focuses on harnessing blockchain and digital twin technologies to establish an open and decentralized ecosystem for construction and infrastructure projects. The primary emphasis lies in effective data management and data integrity.

Keywords

Blockchain, Digital Twins, Construction, Data Management, Decentralization.

CBC welcome

Abel Maciel | Watch

Abstract

In the welcome presentation, Dr. Maciel, the chair of the CBC (Construction Blockchain Consortium), introduced the consortium and its research agenda, emphasizing its dedication to exploring the applications of blockchain technology in the construction and built environment sectors.

Dr. Maciel highlighted their involvement in various domains, such as consulting, academic collaborations, and active participation in organizations like the Linux Foundation Hyperledger. They emphasized a keen interest in integrating blockchain into the design and decision-making processes, seeking intersections with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and digital twins.

The CBC, under Dr. Maciel's leadership, has been actively publishing open-source white papers focused on blockchain applications in construction and building environments. These publications serve the purpose of informing legislative developments and addressing emerging technological challenges. Dr. Maciel also mentioned ongoing collaborations with parliamentary groups and European institutions to advocate for the adoption of blockchain technology.

Regarding projects, Dr. Maciel and the CBC expressed their intention to lead open-source technology initiatives related to cloud computing, simulation, decision-making platforms, big data, programmatic design, and more, all aimed at advancing the integration of blockchain in the construction sector.

The presentation concluded with an invitation from Dr. Maciel to join the CBC community, subscribe to their updates, and participate in white paper development. They expressed gratitude to those involved in organizing the workshop and extended a warm welcome to attendees at the Blockchain for Construction Research Workshop 2023.

Keywords

Blockchain, Construction, Research, Digital Twins, Open-Source Technology.

Keynote: Blockchain for Full Lifecycle Management: From Design, Construction, to Facility Management

Jack C.P. Cheng | Watch

Abstract

Prof. Cheng's presentation centers on the integration of blockchain technology into the comprehensive life cycle management of the construction industry, encompassing design, construction, and facility management. The lecture underscores diverse blockchain use cases within this engineering context.

In the design phase, the research investigates the utility of blockchain for preserving a transparent and unalterable repository of design modifications. This encompasses the logging of design decisions, implementation of digital signatures, and establishing traceability to thwart unauthorized design plan modifications.

Transitioning to the construction phase, the study addresses issues tied to data interdependencies, version control, and information transparency. Blockchain is harnessed to govern interrelations among distinct models (e.g., architectural, structural, MEP), ensuring consistent utilization of updated versions across the project. This, in turn, curbs errors and enhances collaboration among multiple contractors.

A paramount focus area is cost management, where blockchain securely manages sensitive financial data. Prof. Cheng examines access control and re-encryption methodologies to provide selective transparency while safeguarding confidential cost-related information.

In facility management, blockchain is harnessed to bolster the security of occupancy data and maintenance records. Sensor-derived occupancy data is encrypted to guarantee privacy, while maintenance records find their place on the blockchain for auditability and accountability.

Throughout the discourse, Prof. Cheng underscores the pivotal role of data security within the digitized construction realm, spotlighting blockchain's potential advantages in upholding data integrity, transparency, and collaborative synergy across various project stages.

Keywords

Blockchain, Construction, Management, Build Design, Security.

Blockchain-as-BIM-service (BaBS): Secure and decentralized common data environment for BIM collaboration

Xingyu Tao | Watch

Abstract

The presented research focuses on the utilization of blockchain technology to enhance security and decentralization in Building Information Modeling (BIM) services for collaborative design in the construction industry. The research addresses the growing concerns of cybersecurity in an era of increasing digitization within the construction sector.

The key security risks in the construction industry, such as ransomware attacks and data manipulation, are highlighted. To mitigate these risks, the research proposes a three-part approach:

• Decentralization of BIM Data: BIM data is decentralized within a city framework. Original BIM files are stored using the InterPlanetary File System (IPFS) for large data, while blockchain is used for metadata, ensuring data integrity and privacy.

• Development of Smarter Smart Contract Algorithms: Smarter smart contract algorithms are developed to incorporate complex checking rules based on ISO standards. These rules verify data compliance and integrity within blockchain transactions.

• Implementation of Babs Prototype: A Babs prototype is implemented for BIM collaboration, providing users with model and version management, design issue tracking, and blockchain records. The prototype successfully demonstrates decentralized data sharing and secure collaboration.

The research also presents promising results from applying the prototype to a real-world project: a mobile cabin hospital in Hong Kong for COVID-19 treatment and isolation. Significant time and cost savings were observed, and positive feedback from project members highlighted the ease of operation and enhanced security provided by the blockchain-based system.

In conclusion, the research offers a comprehensive solution to address cybersecurity concerns in construction by leveraging blockchain technology for secure, decentralized BIM collaboration. Future work includes further enhancements and integration with digital twins and IoT data.

Keywords

Blockchain, BIM, Construction, Cybersecurity, Decentralization, Smart Contracts.

Optimizing Collaboration: A Management Framework for BIM and Blockchain Integration

Amer Hijazi | Watch

Abstract

Implementing blockchain technology in the construction industry's supply chain and asset management operations is made more likely by BIM, which is no longer arguable. Most currently available scholarly work has been on how this integration may occur, mainly through introducing the blockchain as a new tool allowing transparency transactions for BIM delivery without utilising it as technology innovation in leveraging a new way of working on going beyond stakeholders' coordination to stakeholders' collaboration. However, there is still a gap in how to put the blockchain application in motion for implementation, rather than offering only a conceptual framework or technical prototype that overlooks the value proposition of going digital via this integration. Subsequent to the prototyping, the early involvement of the stakeholders enables the integration logic. There are always new stakeholders to consider whenever a new technological paradigm is introduced. The difficulty would be figuring out what is needed for adoption and getting everyone involved on board (buy-in) to get the implementation process moving. Considering the above, this work aims to provide the foundation for integrating BIM and blockchain as a management solution for implementation in the form of a stakeholder's development stack defining the stakeholders, their roles and motivations. The proposed solution will be able to put the integration of BIM and blockchain in motion for implementation alongside its key disruption points. This serves as a catalyst that might enable a shift towards the progression of structured information towards machine-readable datasets (ideal platform).

Keywords

BIM Integration, Blockchain Implementation, Stakeholder Collaboration, Supply Chain Optimization, Management Framework.

Decentralized common data environment

Klaudia Jaskula | Watch

Abstract

This research introduces a pioneering prototype for a centralized common data environment (CDE) seamlessly integrated with blockchain technology, aiming to reshape the construction industry's data management landscape. The primary challenge addressed in this study is the prevalent issue of fragmented data sources within the construction sector, leading to a lack of transparency and traceability. The proposed solution preserves the familiarity of existing CDEs while harnessing the transformative power of blockchain technology.

The prototype leverages the inherent advantages of blockchain, including data immutability and enhanced security, to record transactions across multiple CDEs via smart contracts. It offers users an intuitive interface with customizable features, providing stakeholders with a unified platform to access, validate, and monitor project data. The demonstration includes a visual timeline of project events and comprehensive file histories, showcasing the tool's potential.

The evaluation of this prototype involved focus group sessions and individual user studies. Participants found the tool to be practical, user-friendly, and capable of significantly improving transparency within construction projects. However, concerns were raised about the vulnerability of off-chain data, its suitability for smaller projects, and potential vendor resistance.

Future prospects for development include integrating workflows, incorporating AI analytics, facilitating automatic payments, and enhancing BIM requirement validation. Several open questions persist, such as data storage allocation, compliance with industry standards and security regulations, bidirectional data flow, and effective permission management.

This research presents a promising solution that streamlines construction data management, fosters collaboration, and enhances transparency within the industry. It addresses the fundamental challenge of fragmented data sources in construction projects, representing a significant step towards a more efficient and connected future.

Keywords

Blockchain Integration, Centralized Common Data Environment, Construction Data Management, Transparency in Construction, Smart Contracts in Construction

Blockchain for regenerative built environment governance

Hongyang Wang | Watch

Abstract

This presentation focuses on the challenges and potential solutions for governance in the implementation of Blockchain for regenerative built environments. The absence of effective governance systems is recognized as a significant barrier to realizing regenerative concepts in practice. To address this issue, the presentation proposes employing Blockchain Technology as a governance tool to establish socio-economic-ecologic structures for information, complex systems processes, and inclusive ownership and value.

Regenerative build environments signify a paradigm shift from traditional sustainability concepts, emphasizing humanity's role within the natural ecosystem, a focus on place, and the dynamic interplay of various elements. However, quantifying and standardizing Regenerative Build Environments (REBE) has proven challenging, particularly concerning data management, stakeholder engagement, and ownership and value management.

The research suggests that blockchain technology can offer solutions to these challenges. Blockchain's transparent, decentralized ledger can facilitate clear data collection, distribution, and maintenance, providing trusted and immutable records. Decentralized autonomous organizations and token-based decision-making mechanisms enhance stakeholder management. Furthermore, blockchain can support value-sensitive incentives and economic models.

The ongoing research involves the development of evaluation metrics for blockchain-based REBE projects, the analysis of existing projects, and the exploration of future directions. These future directions encompass value-sensitive data collection, data management for REBE, and adaptive regenerative governance mechanisms. Additionally, the research extends into the possibility of self-ownership in housing and land, aligning with the broader vision of regenerative build environments.

In summary, this research aims to address the challenges between the complex, holistic nature of regenerative build environments and the need for transparent, accountable, and decentralized governance. It leverages blockchain technology to facilitate sustainable and regenerative practices in the built environment.

Keywords

Blockchain, Governance, Regenerative Build Environment, Sustainability, Stakeholder Management.

Session 1: Discussion

Watch

Abstract

BCRW Session 1 featured a stimulating discussion on the application of blockchain technology in the field of construction. The session covered various aspects of blockchain's potential impact on the construction industry, particularly in areas related to sustainability, accountability, and enterprise content management.

One key point of discussion was the tension between sustainability and efficiency in construction projects. The presenter emphasized that the primary goal is not necessarily to increase efficiency but to promote positive outcomes, with increased efficiency as a beneficial side effect. This approach suggests that blockchain can be leveraged to create more sustainable and accountable construction processes.

Claudia, another presenter, introduced a novel solution to the common data environment (CDE) problem in the construction industry. She proposed a blockchain-based approach to connect various tools and systems used in construction, ultimately enhancing transparency and trust among stakeholders. Questions were raised about the use of blockchain in this context, including concerns about personal data storage and the need for an audit trail within CDEs.

The discussion also touched on how blockchain technology can facilitate the sharing of data among construction project stakeholders while ensuring security and accountability. The potential of blockchain in streamlining compliance checks and enabling the creation of automated smart contracts for compliance tracking was explored. Additionally, there was a discussion about the language and standards required to represent compliance checking rules transparently within smart contracts.

Overall, the session showcased the potential of blockchain technology to transform the construction industry by enhancing sustainability, accountability, and transparency. Researchers and practitioners in the field are actively exploring innovative applications of blockchain to address challenges and create more efficient construction processes.

The presentations sparked insightful questions and discussions, highlighting the ongoing research and development efforts in the intersection of blockchain and construction. As the technology continues to evolve, it is evident that blockchain has the potential to play a significant role in shaping the future of construction practices and project management.

Keywords

Blockchain, Construction, Sustainability, Accountability, Enterprise Content Management, Compliance Checking, Transparency, Smart Contracts, Data Sharing, Innovation.

Session 2

Keynote: Blockchain and IoT-enabled Supply Chain Management for Modular Integrated Construction (MiC): From a COVID-19 Expediency to a Post-Pandemic Common Practice

Wilson W.S. Lu | Watch

Abstract

The renaissance of modular/offsite construction has enabled us to re-config key construction resources such as labor, materials, and integrated modules from various geographically dispersed places. However, it also adds complications to the already-complex cross-border construction supply chain management (SCM). This situation was further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, during which many social distancing measures (e.g., border closures, working from home) have been imposed. Researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, and the like have been very resourceful to develop various innovations to overcome the difficulties and allow construction to serve as the ‘knight’ to recure economy during the difficult time. In this talk, Prof. Lu will share how blockchain, building information modelling (BIM), and i-core (their in-house developed IoTs) can be used to enhance construction SCM in the Hong Kong–Mainland China links during the COVID-19 pandemic. Their solutions and awarding winning technologies were implemented in real-life Modular Integrated Construction (MiC) projects for remote e-inspection, cross-border SCM, and on-site installation on a daily basis. They developed three professional apps, which can be used separately or as a whole based on the blockchain-BIM-IoTs-enabled digital twin system. Now the borders are re-opened and the businesses are back to usual, Prof. Lu pleas that the efficient and less expensive solutions should go beyond a COVID-19 expediency to a post-pandemic common practice for cross-border construction SCM.

Keywords

Modular Construction, Supply Chain Management, Cross-Border Logistics, Blockchain Technology, Building Information Modelling (BIM).

Keynote Presentation + Focus Group: Considerations of Human Data Interaction for Blockchain in Construction

Jennifer Li | Watch

Abstract

This keynote presentation is a precursor to a focus group session that aims to explore the open challenges identified in a previous study on human data interaction (HDI) and blockchain. In the keynote, an introduction of the current concept of HDI is given, that is, the pace of technological advancement and the ubiquitous nature of computing are changing the interactions between humans and data. Informed consent remains a challenge so understanding more about how humans and data interact is paramount. HDI is, therefore, about manipulation and comprehension of big data sets, with a focus on personal data and their implications regarding decision-making and subsequent action-taking. Three pillars of HDI are presented as defined by Richard Mortier: agency, legibility and negotiability, then the outcomes of a focus group identifying considerations of HDI and blockchain are highlighted: technical factors (immutability, data storage, transparency, system design, integrating technologies); non-technical factors (ethics, economic models, environmental, political, social); and overlapping factors (governance, data usage, data privacy, control of data). The open challenges identified in a previous study are then to be explored in a focus group with the delegates of the BCRW 2023. They are as follows:

1. Does blockchain increase the level of HDI in construction? 
2. How does blockchain interact with HDI along the intersection of factors mentioned above? 
3. What data types (and the associated HDIs) are suitable for blockchain in the built environment? 
4. When we say HDI in construction, do we mostly refer to individuals or larger social groups? And what are the implications of that? 
5. Are we looking at how HDI could support the implementation of blockchain in construction? Or at HDI emanating from the usage of blockchain in construction? 
6. [How] Do we rethink data ownership with Web3?

Keywords

Agency, Blockchain, Human-Data Interaction, HDI, Legibility, Negotiability.

Day 2 – Smart Contracts & DAO (Law and Management)

Session 3

Keynote: Insights of Blockchain in Logistics & Supply Chain Management

Maximilian Austerjos | Watch

Abstract

Supply chain management in general and logistics in particular are predestined for the use of blockchain technology. By using blockchain technology, trust in partner companies, sustainable processes and productivity gains can be achieved, which are essential for sustainable development: Smart contracts enable automated and trusted information and financial transactions that improve the efficiency and resilience of supply chains. In addition, the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) devices and sensors into the blockchain enables the collection and sharing of real-time data, leading to better monitoring and tracking of goods. However, for widespread technological penetration and the creation of productive blockchain networks, certain conditions must be met. This presentation will describe how blockchain technology has been successfully used in various application projects in the field of supply chain management. Using example projects from the areas of customs clearance, dangerous goods transport and robot cooperation, it will be shown how diverse blockchain-based solutions can be implemented with reusable software and hardware modules. In addition, the approach of collaborative development between research institutions and companies in open source communities is described in order to promote the development and implementation of these solutions and to produce commodities.

Keywords

Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Open Source.

Web3 for Trustworthy Data in Transitioning to a Circular Built Environment

Meliha Honic and Jens Hunhevicz | Watch

Abstract

The urgency to transition from a linear to a circular economy has become increasingly apparent as the construction industry faces resource depletion and greenhouse gas emissions. However, data-related challenges hinder the adoption of circular business models. To enable a circular built environment, comprehensive data availability throughout the value chain is essential. Material passports, digital records containing vital information about materials and products embedded in buildings, play a crucial role in this transition. Nevertheless, the often siloed and centralized storage and management of material passport data pose risks of inaccessibility over time. This presentation will focus on the potential of Web3, the vision to decentralize the internet, to address these challenges. Web3 uses blockchain at its core to return data ownership to the end user. Combined with decentralized data storage protocols, the vision is to store data without relying on gatekeepers. Web3, with its decentralized nature, can offer promising solutions for establishing trust and integrity in data management. By using blockchain, a transparent and auditable system for recording and verifying material passport data can be created. In addition, Web3 could help create a new decentralized approach to data access and ownership with decentralized applications, reducing the risk of data loss by ensuring the accessibility of information to all stakeholders through address or token-based access mechanisms. Finally, crypto-economic incentive systems and market mechanisms based on smart contracts hold potential in fostering data sharing and maintenance throughout the data's life cycle. These mechanisms can incentivize stakeholders to contribute and update data, ensuring the ongoing availability and accuracy of material passport information. Overall, we aim to provide an overview of the opportunities that exist with Web3 in the context of the transition to a circular built environment based on our research at the CEA lab. To ensure the circularity of data in line with the circularity of products, we suggest that Web3 could help ensure the trustworthiness and accessibility of data throughout the value chain, while potentially creating incentives that enable the sharing and long-term maintenance of datasets.

Keywords

Web3, Blockchain, Material Passports, Data Management.

Blockchain-based smart contract generation and visualization in BIM environment: Technical adoption for secured construction management

Xuling Ye | Watch

Abstract

This presentation explores the integration of blockchain-based smart contracts with Building Information Modeling (BIM) to address critical needs in construction management, including data security, traceability, and process automation. By examining four distinct construction phases and addressing research gaps related to isolated smart contract design, code-based logic, limited data storage, and the absence of a universal framework, this research endeavors to empower stakeholders to independently design and validate smart contracts. The outcomes of this study include the establishment of a Process-embedded Smart Contract List (PeSCL) to link BIM and process-related documents, the development of a mapping from process models to smart contracts, and the visualization of smart contract logic in real-time through Business Process Model and Notation (BPMN) diagrams, offering a promising path to enhance the technical aspects of secure construction management in the digital age.

Keywords Smart contracts, Blockchain, BIM, Construction management, BPMN, Business process automation.

Smart Contracts and DAOs: Bumps in the legal road, dead end, or an improving map?

Gavin Johnson | Watch

Abstract

In this presentation, the author, a lawyer, delves into the legal aspects pertaining to smart contracts and Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs). The author underscores the dynamic nature of the legal landscape, constantly adapting to new technologies and cases.

The presentation underscores several key aspects:

• Legal Recognition: The author addresses the significance of obtaining legal recognition for tokens and cryptocurrencies. They explain that the status of tokens as property was unclear until recent legal cases provided more clarity on the matter.

• Complexity of Smart Contracts: The author touches upon the intricacies of translating complex contracts into smart contracts. They note that lawyers often rely on subjective terms like "reasonable," making it challenging to encode these nuances.

• Liability for Smart Contracts: The author raises the question of liability in cases where a programmer makes an error in a smart contract's code. They suggest that programmers may be reluctant to assume responsibility for potential disputes arising from their code.

• Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs): The author discusses the legal complexities surrounding DAOs, emphasizing that they do not exist in a legal vacuum and are subject to legal and regulatory oversight.

• Terms of Service and Governance: The presentation acknowledges that platforms such as Microsoft, Apple, Google, and blockchain-based platforms impose terms of service that users must accept. These terms can govern user conduct and give rise to concerns related to freedom of expression and property rights.

• Legal Wrappers for DAOs: The author expresses reservations about the use of legal wrappers around DAOs, as they may compromise the fundamental principles of decentralized decision-making.

• Education and Informed Decision-Making: The presentation concludes by highlighting the challenge of educating DAO members to ensure they make informed decisions about the operations and objectives of the DAO.

In summary, the presentation explores a myriad of legal challenges and considerations concerning smart contracts and DAOs. It underscores the imperative need for legal clarity, transparency, and education within the blockchain and cryptocurrency sphere.

Keywords

Legal Recognition, Smart Contracts, Liability, Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (DAOs), Terms of Service and Governance.

Decentralized contract management in construction

Purva Gupta | Watch

Abstract

Achieving trust and collaboration by revamping the contract management process using digitization and automation is seen as a research area yet to be explored where the focus is on dispute avoidance instead of dispute resolution. Having identified that, our research was motivated to build upon the capabilities of blockchain technology and smart contracts and develop a digital and automated contract management system based on two main elements: 1. a decentralized blockchain platform and 2. computable contract clauses. The decentralized system supported by smart contracts would enable certain execution of contract terms, transparent communication through a decentralized stakeholder network, and clear accountability in terms of data stamps and digital signatures.

Keywords

Automation, Smart contracts, Blockchain, Construction law, Legal tech, Contract management.

Session 3: Discussion

Watch

Abstract

The conversation began with a question about the prototype's scope and the potential participants in the network. The response highlighted the idea of enabling various stakeholders in a supply chain to share and access data. However, scalability and challenges in implementing such a platform were acknowledged.

A significant part of the discussion centered on the separation of data storage location and access control logic, which aligns with the concept of decentralized data storage. The participants emphasized that this approach allows for greater flexibility and control, though challenges remain in its implementation.

Another question raised the issue of rights management within smart contracts, especially concerning access to original data. It was pointed out that data storage protocols like Gia encrypt data, requiring the private key for decryption. The discussion highlighted the complexities of handling rights management in blockchain-based systems.

The participants then explored the feasibility of using smart contracts for construction-related claims, such as quality disputes and payment delays. While there was enthusiasm for automating certain aspects, it was acknowledged that construction projects involve numerous intricacies, and a complete transition to automated processes might not be straightforward.

The conversation touched upon the potential for blockchain to enhance collaboration in construction projects, emphasizing the benefits of collective undertakings and improved dispute resolution.

In the context of circular economy and blockchain, the discussion emphasized the importance of public permissionless networks, which can incentivize node operators to maintain the blockchain's longevity. The potential migration between blockchain platforms and the need for continuous tracking and validation of materials were also mentioned.

Lastly, the conversation highlighted the idea of running parallel smart contracts on different blockchain platforms as a means of mitigating risks and ensuring data redundancy.

In summary, the BCRW Session 3 discussion delved into various aspects of blockchain technology and smart contracts, highlighting their potential, challenges, and real-world applications across different industries, with a focus on collaborative and decentralized approaches. The participants emphasized the importance of ongoing research and experimentation in this evolving field.

Keywords

BCRW, Session 3, Smart Contracts, DAO, Blockchain Technology, Decentralized Data Storage, Rights Management, Construction Claims, Circular Economy, Parallel Smart Contracts

Session 4

Keynote: Towards a blockchain-enabled automated construction contract: why? when? how? (and if)

David Greenwood | Watch

Abstract

Contractual problems in the construction industry, especially the disputes that arise from them have long been recognised as a problem. The impact in terms of cost, time, and in many cases quality, of contractual disputes is enormous; for instance the cost to the global construction market in 2020 was estimated to be over US$48 billion. One of main causes of dispute is poor contract management, occasioned by various factors including inaccurate documents, lack of proper records, unclear roles and responsibilities, ineffective communication, incompetence, and corruption. The prospect of deploying distributed ledgers and smart contracts on a blockchain to automate or semi automate contractual processes is an attractive one as the characteristics of blockchain (transparency, consensus, immutability, security etc.) may address many of the factors that cause problems in current traditional contract administration. A team at Northumbria University (UK) are about to finalise a prototype blockchain-based infrastructure that performs the elements of the claims management process of the FIDIC 2017 Standard Form of Contract. The functionality of the prototype appears to be robust. A user-interface is nearing completion, and this will enable scenario-testing and its user-acceptability to be investigated. Further research is expected to be required on those challenges that are apparent, and those that emerge from these tests.

Keywords

Smart legal contracts, Contract administration, Claims management, FIDIC contract.

Keynote Presentation + Coding Session: Decentralised Autonomous Organisations in AEC

Theodore Dounas | Watch

Abstract

The authors' presentation centers on the central hypothesis that decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs) can significantly impact the fields of architecture and construction. The authors delve into the potential applications of DAOs within these industries, with a particular focus on how blockchain technology can facilitate collaborative design processes and decision-making.

The research primarily involves the creation of smart contracts designed to manage various aspects of architectural design, optimization, and decision-making within a DAO. Tokens and governance mechanisms are introduced to incentivize participants and ensure equitable contributions to the design process. Furthermore, the authors raise crucial questions regarding the involvement of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning in these processes, particularly concerning issues of credit, liability, and governance of AI-generated solutions.

The overarching goal is to establish effective governance and control mechanisms for AI within the DAO framework, prioritizing collective benefits over individual interests. The authors' work extends to the design of a specific DAO called Arida, drawing inspiration from the viable system model and cybernetics. This research aligns with the broader exploration of DAOs' transformative potential in architecture and construction, addressing the challenges and opportunities presented by decentralized decision-making and AI integration.

Keywords

Decentralized Autonomous Organizations, Architecture, Construction, Blockchain Technology, Collaborative Design, Artificial Intelligence.

Day 3 – Industry Adoption (Business Adoption)

Session 5

ESG Responsive contracts in Construction using Smart Legal Contracts and DLT

Niall Roche | Watch

Abstract

This research investigates the practical implementation of smart legal contracts in the construction industry, with a specific focus on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations. Unlike traditional smart contracts, these innovative contracts seamlessly blend natural language agreements with code execution and can operate across various platforms, including distributed ledger technologies (DLT). While the primary objective centers around smart legal contracts and ESG contracting, there is also a mention of their resemblance to BPMN (Business Process Model and Notation) or BPML (Business Process Modeling Language).

The central aim of this research is to integrate ESG requirements into construction contracts, acknowledging the transition from voluntary to mandatory ESG practices for many companies. By introducing standardized ESG clauses into contracts, the study seeks to bolster accountability, ensure compliance, and drive cost-efficiency throughout the construction supply chain. To effectively monitor and enforce ESG compliance, IoT sensors and data processing are employed, supported by the development of specialized contractual tools and smart legal clauses designed to guarantee the fulfillment of ESG commitments. In cases of breaches, remedial actions include payment reductions, escrow holdings, or contributions to climate charities, depending on the severity of the violation.

Furthermore, this research introduces "The Guardian," an open-source tool engineered to verify and meticulously track carbon emissions and reductions. By addressing existing shortcomings in ESG reporting methodologies, "The Guardian" contributes to enhancing the overall credibility of ESG reports. In summary, this research explores the practical application of smart legal contracts to enforce ESG commitments within the construction industry, with the overarching goals of promoting accountability, ensuring compliance, and fortifying the credibility of ESG reporting through innovative tools and standardized contractual clauses.

Keywords

Smart Legal Contracts, Construction Industry, ESG Considerations, IoT Sensors, The Guardian, Compliance Enforcement.

Security-minded OpenBIM CDE for Building Data Management Using Encryption and Distributed Ledger Technology

Moumita Das | Watch

Abstract

Construction projects generate a large amount of digital information during the design, construction, and operation phases that require sharing and management across stakeholders from multiple domains. It is well established that effective building data management strategies, using rules, programs, and practices to regulate, safeguard, and improve the value of project information assets (such as BIM, documents, and IoT) with a Common Data Environment (CDE) is recommended for streamlining coordination and effective data sharing. among project partners to ensure project success in terms of cost and time. However, the existing CDEs are faced with several error-inducing methods/gaps that - put sensitive information (especially BIM is hard to regulate) at risk of loss of privacy and integrity, resulting in incomplete BIM model delivery during design and construction phases, failure to hold contractually bound stakeholders accountable for their actions, and more. In particular, the problems in existing CDEs are identified as follows- (1) privacy of sensitive information in BIM models, (2) efficient and automated coordination in multi-domain submission management and accountability of delivery teams, (3) Completeness of the BIM deliverables and accountability of stakeholders during the construction phase. Therefore, the proposed “Security-minded OpenBIM CDE for Building Data Management Using Encryption and Distributed Ledger Technology” framework captures information from Open BIM models using the IFC format, IoT Sensors, and documents and deploys encryption and blockchain technologies to facilitate data privacy, data integrity, data accessibility, and delivery team accountability. It deploys a – (1) Functional Partial Encryption Method using OpenBIM to encrypt sensitive information of BIM models at a fine-grained level while maintaining the functionality of BIM models to perform engineering analysis such as clash detection as opposed to file-based encryption, (2) Blockchain-based Dynamic Dependency Workflow using OpenBIM to manage to improve coordination and accountability in large projects with numerous domains and complex and dynamic interlinkage among submissions from different domains, (3) Blockchain-based Completeness Checking Issue Management Workflow using OpenBIM to facilitate automatic checking of completion of marked changes in BIM models for faster/efficient issue resolution. The proposed framework was applied to an ongoing large construction project in Hong Kong.

Keywords

Blockchain, Built Environment, Security, Versioning, Issue Management.

Smart Contract-enabled Modular Construction Supply Chain Process Coordination

Ningshuang Zeng | Watch

Abstract

The presented research addresses the real-world application of smart contracts in facilitating modular construction supply chain process coordination, with a specific focus on China's construction industry. China faces a significant labor shortage, necessitating digital advancements in the construction sector. Furthermore, government initiatives emphasize high-quality development in construction, making innovation a priority. Despite the construction industry's immense value, digital innovation investment remains disproportionately low.

The research aims to bridge the gap between offsite production and onsite construction, enhancing the integration of upstream and midstream components within the supply chain. Utilizing blockchain and smart contracts, the study offers services to clients, construction companies, and suppliers. It establishes a process coordination platform that encompasses various participants, providing real-time visibility into tasks such as design, production, transportation, and construction. Blockchain ensures data integrity and transparency, offering traceability for supply progress and quality inspection. Additionally, the research introduces an early warning engine to detect potential delays and optimize supply chain logistics, showcasing the practical application of blockchain and computational management techniques in addressing critical construction industry challenges.

Keywords

Smart Contracts, Modular Construction, Supply Chain, Digital Innovation, Blockchain, Construction Industry.

Polkadot x NFT Marketplace for Architecture

Tom Humber | Watch

Abstract

I am Special Projects Lead at Parity Technologies (powering the Polkadot Ecosystem). Before going full time in web3, I worked for a number of years as a Project Quantity Surveyor. I made the transition to web3 as I fully believe construction can be changed but only from the outside. I am building an NFT marketplace for architects and engineers, and am actively working towards a world which sees the seamless transition of web3 technology into AEC. Part of my role at Parity is to advocate for web3 at panel events and conferences- CBC have a particular interest to me and I would like to extend an offer to discuss Polkadot, blockchain technology and how this intersects with AEC.

Keywords

Special Projects Lead, Parity Technologies, Polkadot Ecosystem, Project Quantity Surveyor, NFT Marketplace, Web3 Technology, AEC.

Tokenising entitlements related to 3D digital assets

Philippe Rixhon | Watch

Abstract

Computer Aided Design and Generative AI produce 3D digital assets for construction, entertainment, or the metaverse. Various standards organisations are discussing the protection of rights, portability, availability, and other areas impacting the management of these media assets. They address questions such as transport, exchange, access, and entitlements. Considering the latter, one can sequentially distinguish between registration, monetisation, and remuneration of media entitlements. Would the tokenisation of the monetisation of entitlements simplify and accelerate rights and royalty management whilst making it more accurate and more affordable? The DLT Science Foundation is funding a project aiming at developing value-adding, regulatory-compliant tokens to support the flow of content from creators to users, and the counterflow of remuneration from users to creators, whilst maximising the use of existing and emerging norms and even setting new standards. Smart legal contracts are generated from the standard terms and conditions stored with other rights management information in a register. The smart contracts are then tokenised and deployed on a blockchain, on-chain and off-chain. This architecture allows the smart contract to remain amendable and revocable as required by regulations. It also allows to deal with the hybrid data and metadata structure of 3D digital assets encompassing 3D drawings (graphics) and texts to explain the drawings (literary) and including materials and production processes

Keywords

3D digital assets, Tokenisation, Registration, Monetisation, Remuneration.

Session 5: Discussion

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Abstract

The discussion during BCRW Session 5 - Industry Adoption (Business Adoption) focused on various aspects of blockchain technology and its potential applications in different industries. In particular, there was a Q&A session with Tom and Philipe that shed light on their research aspects.

Tom discussed the topic of royalties in the context of NFTs and how marketplaces like OpenSea and Rarible are handling them. He highlighted that while royalties are an interesting aspect, the primary focus of their project, Ariseal, is on future earnings for architects rather than the immediate royalties. He emphasized that Ariseal aims to create a mechanism for architects to generate passive income and diversify their revenue streams through NFTs.

A participant asked Tom about the requirements for uploading content to the Ariseal platform, specifically whether architects could upload floor plans or other types of designs for free. Tom explained that the platform's MVP could accept a range of content, from 3D models to simple JPEGs. The value lies in the metadata associated with the designs. While initially, it may be free for architects to upload, he mentioned a future possibility of introducing a governance model to verify the legitimacy of designs.

Regarding the uniqueness of NFTs and the potential for design copying, Tom explained that it would be at the discretion of the original designer to decide how they want to tokenize their work. If they mint only one token for a design, it remains unique. However, there's room for variation in the approach, especially as projects scale.

The discussion then shifted to Philipe's work on ISO NFT standards. Philipe clarified that ISO standards don't dictate laws but rather create open standards that can be widely adopted. He discussed the three types of tokenization: registration of rights, monetization, and remuneration. Philipe mentioned that they have a prototype for tokenizing the registration of rights and plan to have a functional system by the end of 2024. They are also researching tokenization of monetization and remuneration.

In response to a question about how their platforms could be integrated into the construction industry, both speakers emphasized the importance of APIs and metadata standardization. They mentioned that their tools could be integrated into existing construction workflows to support the industry's needs, especially in managing components and ensuring interoperability.

Overall, the discussion highlighted the potential of blockchain and NFTs in various industries, including architecture and construction, while emphasizing the need for standardization, metadata, and thoughtful integration into existing processes.

Keywords

Blockchain, NFTs, Royalties, Ariseal, Metadata, Architecture, ISO Standards, Tokenization, Monetization, Remuneration

Session 6

Keynote: CBC Open Projects

Abel Maciel | Watch

Abstract

No video

Keywords

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